Clear Lake Hitch

2024 Information Item
The Board heard an Information Item regarding the Clear Lake hitch emergency at its Dec. 18, 2024, public meeting.
Related materials: Recording (beginning at 2:18:30)

2024 Information Order Compliance Workshops
Board staff held public workshops in February 2024 to review the process for complying with the Information Order.
Related materials: Presentation Slides

2024 Information Order
Board staff issued approximately 1,800 Information Orders to properties located in select parts of the Clear Lake watershed beginning in January 2024. Recipients were required to report to the Board groundwater well location(s), pumping volumes, water use(s), and more.
Related materials: Example Information Order, Guidance Materials, Lake County Farm Bureau Alternative Compliance Pathway MOU, and Lake County Land Stewards Voluntary Compliance Pathway MOU.

2024 Emergency Regulations
The State Water Board adopted Emergency Information Order Regulations for the Clear Lake Watershed on Dec. 6, 2023. The Emergency Regulations were effective from Jan. 22, 2024, to Jan. 21, 2025.
Related materials: Recording (beginning at 38:45) and Emergency Regulations Package

2023 Draft Emergency Regulations and Public Workshops
Board staff released draft emergency regulations on Sep. 5, 2023, and held public workshops in October 2023, to answer questions and receive input.
Related materials: Oct. 24 Recording, Staff Presentation and Workshop Guide

2023 August Board Information Item
The Board heard an Information Item regarding the Clear Lake hitch emergency at its Aug. 2, 2023, public meeting.
Related materials: Recording (beginning at 1:38:44) and Staff Presentation

2023 Surface Water Measurement Regulations Workshop
Board staff held a workshop on Apr. 23, 2023, in the Clear Lake Watershed regarding how to comply with the Board’s surface water measurement regulations.
Related materials: Staff Presentation

2023 March Board Information Item
The Board heard a Clear Lake Hitch Emergency Information Item at its Mar. 7, 2023, public meeting.
Related materials: Recording (beginning at 4:32:17) and Panelists and Staff Presentations

2023 Voluntary Actions Letter
The Board asked Clear Lake area water users to take voluntary steps to help keep water in key Clear Lake creeks for the 2023 spawning and rearing season.
Related materials: Feb. 23, 2023 Letter

2023 Listening Sessions
Board staff held virtual public listening sessions to discuss the emergency impacting the Clear Lake hitch and potential near and long-term solutions.
Related materials: Jan. 19, 2023 Presentation and Recording and Feb. 1, 2023 Presentation and Recording

The State Water Board has contracted with O’Connor Environmental, Inc. to conduct a groundwater-surface water study to better understand how groundwater and surface water use affects stream flows in the Clear Lake watershed. The study will occur from 2023 through 2027 and will include data collection, analysis, and development of a hydrologic model.

As part of the study, the Board is looking to partner with landowners in Clear Lake to conduct aquifer pump tests and continuous groundwater level monitoring. If you are interested in participating in this effort, please email ClearLakeHitch@waterboards.ca.gov or leave a message at (916) 341-5355.

The Board's primary enforcement goal in Clear Lake is to encourage compliance with California’s surface water rules and regulations. Board staff are actively investigating diversions in the watershed and focused on reviewing annual reports, verifying compliance with measurement and reporting requirements, and identifying reservoirs or diversions without a water right. Where necessary, the Board will take actions to bring diverters into compliance.

For more information about the Board’s water rights enforcement activities, visit the Clear Lake Hitch Project section of our Notice of Violation page

• Share information and data
  Groundwater pumping may be impacting creek flows, but State Water Board staff need data to better understand the size and timing of potential impacts. Please email us if you would like to share information and data.
• Participate in a water monitoring program
  Agricultural groups, Tribes, and county, state, and federal agencies are monitoring groundwater and surface water around Clear Lake. Funding may be available for landowners who want to participate in a monitoring program. If you are interested in these efforts, please email us to learn more.
• Reduce water use from February through June
  The hitch spawn and migrate in Clear Lake creeks from February through June (and longer if water is available). It is critical to keep creeks flowing during this timeframe, and limiting surface water diversions and groundwater pumping can help. In addition to general reductions in water use, consider the following actions:
  • Coordinate the timing of diversions and pumping with neighbors, so that everyone does not take water at the same time. This can reduce impacts on given days or times.
  • Fill storage reservoirs and water tanks as early in the year as possible before hitch begin using the creeks.
  • Use non-water methods for frost protection.
• Keep the creeks clean and clear
  
  • Remove garbage, vehicles, and household items from creeks. These items can block fish passage and impact water quality.
  • Do not drive in the creeks.
  • Check out the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s Save the Hitch flyer for other ways you can help.
• Implement conservation practices on your land
  Funding may be available for people interested in implementing conservation practices that improve water quality and help the hitch. Examples include improving roads over creeks, reducing soil erosion, and barrier removal in streams. Contact the Lake County Water Resources Department for information.

Some voluntary actions such as creek maintenance, pump-back projects, or habitat restoration may require coordination with state and local agencies and permits. Please email ClearLakeHitch@waterboards.ca.gov for questions about voluntary actions.

If you suspect an activity in your area may be threatening the Clear Lake water supply, there are many ways to report it. Suspicious activities can include dumping potentially hazardous chemicals in or near the water, making changes to creek channels, taking water from a creek without a permit, and more. Here are some things you can do if you identify suspicious activity:

• If you witness poaching, polluting, or any fish and wildlife violation, please submit a confidential notice to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife's CALTIP program.
• If you witness an environmental problem of any kind, please submit a complaint to the California Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Complaint System.
• If you witness a release of potentially hazardous materials to the environment, please report it to the California Office of Emergency Services State (CalOES) Warning Center by calling 1-800-852-7550. The Warning Center operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
• You can also email any issue to the Board’s Clear Lake Hitch team at ClearLakeHitch@waterboards.ca.gov

As hitch migrate through Clear Lake creeks to reproduce each year, they may be blocked from reaching spawning habitat by physical barriers such as dams, culverts (tunnels that allow creeks to flow under roads), garbage, and overgrown vegetation. State, federal, and local government agencies are coordinating with Tribes and community groups to identify, prioritize, and address these barriers.

• The Clear Lake hitch barriers map is being updated.
• The California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s Save the Hitch flyer provides information on how to clear creek barriers.

The Clear Lake hitch is a large minnow found only in Clear Lake and its tributary creeks. The hitch is culturally important to Native American tribes in the Clear Lake region and ecologically important to the Clear Lake Watershed. Historically, hitch likely numbered in the millions and were so plentiful they served as a staple food source for the region’s Pomo tribes. Unfortunately, the hitch population has been declining for many years, and in 2014, California designated it as a threatened species under the California Endangered Species Act.

In 2023, Governor Newsom recognized the impacts of drought on the Clear Lake watershed and the importance of ensuring critical instream flows for the Clear Lake hitch in Executive Order N-5-23 and directed the State Water Board and Department of Fish and Wildlife to "…evaluate the minimum instream flows and other actions needed to protect salmon, steelhead, the Clear Lake Hitch, and other native fishes in critical streams systems in these watersheds and work with water users, tribes, and other parties on voluntary measures to implement those actions. To the extent voluntary actions are not sufficient, the Water Board, in coordination with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, shall consider emergency regulations to establish minimum instream flows to mitigate the effects of the drought conditions…"

In 2025, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to list the hitch as a threatened species under the federal Endangered Species Act.

The Clear Lake hitch have a life cycle of approximately six-years. Each spring, adult hitch migrate up Clear Lake tributaries to spawn before returning to the lake. After approximately two weeks, juveniles hatch and begin their journey to the lake. Without enough water flowing during this time, the hitch cannot successfully spawn or return to the lake.

The Clear Lake hitch are known by the region’s indigenous people as "Chi." Traditionally, Chi spawning was a time of celebration when tribal members would gather to collect food for the year and visit. The Chi has been a staple food and cultural mainstay of the original Pomo inhabitants of the region since time immemorial. Tribal elders recall the hitch being plentiful enough to walk across in creeks, until expanding development and agriculture, declining water quality, gravel mining, invasive species, removal of cultural fire, habitat loss, and drought took their toll.

Big Valley Rancheria Tribal historic preservation officer Ron Montez, Sr. shared this account of the importance of Chi and the impacts of their decline:

In the old days, people used to come over from nearby areas like Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino and the Sacramento Valley to camp out along the creeks, and there would be hundreds of Native people catching Chi. People would shout, “The Chi are running! Look at the fish over there! Chi! Chi!” and we would grab a bucket or a sack or even just our T-shirts. There were so many Chi. Everyone was excited because fish were jumping and flopping all over the place. I remember having so much fun — I would be soaking wet from diving after them, catching them, and throwing fish to the younger ones to put in the bucket — we were just laughing and having a great time. Once we got enough fish, it was time to quit. After that, we would take the fish back to the reservation, and then it was a community time where everybody would sit around and clean fish together. We would supply fish to the mothers and aunties and people cleaning them. I remember that everybody was happy because we knew we had fish — we knew we had some Chi — and it brought a good feeling that we had food now. Chi were still running back then — in the 1960s, 70s, even 80s — but it was getting less and less. You could still hear the call that “the Chi is running” and everybody still did the same thing and took off to gather them. Now … every once in a while somebody tells me, “Oh yeah, the Chi ran for a little bit over in this creek over here,” or “yeah, we got a few, but they are all gone now.” The abundance is gone. The excitement and that cultural aspect of it is gone. It is a sadness now that we feel whenever we talk about Chi because they are not like they used to be. That community relationship around them is not there anymore.

(This account originally appeared as part of a story in The Revelator, which is published by, but editorially independent from, the Center for Biological Diversity.)

There are a variety of potential factors impacting the Clear Lake hitch:

• Insufficient stream flows (drought impacts, surface diversions, groundwater pumping)
• Flow barriers (culverts, stream bed alterations, dams, overgrown vegetation, garbage)
• Habitat degradation and loss (land use changes, mining, levee development, flood control, non-native plants)
• Predation and competition with invasive species (bass, carp, goldfish, mute swans, others)
• Water quality (harmful algal blooms, wildfires, nutrients, mercury, more)

Groundwater–Surface Water Connection: It’s possible that groundwater pumping in the Clear Lake area is impacting the amount of water flowing in Clear Lake creeks. Groundwater pumping in a watershed can substantially reduce the amount of surface water flowing through creeks, particularly when multiple users are pumping at the same time. The effects of groundwater pumping on creek flows could be instantaneous or could occur more slowly over days, months, or years.

• California Department of Fish and Wildlife Clear Lake Watershed Study
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Clear Lake Hitch Proposed Endangered Species Act Listing
• United States Geological Survey (USGS): Studying Threatened Fish Species in Clear Lake, CA
• USGS: Hydrologic and Aquatic Ecology Studies at Clear Lake, California
• University of California Davis Agriculture and Natural Resources: Clear Lake Hitch
• Thompson et al., 1999. The native and introduced fishes of Clear Lake: a review of the past to assist with decisions of the future. California Fish and Game 99(1): 7-41.
• Big Valley Groundwater Sustainability Agency, 2022. Big Valley Groundwater Sustainability Plan (5-015)