Clear Lake Hitch

The State Water Board is deeply committed to helping Clear Lake communities and tribes protect the hitch. In 2023, we are focusing our efforts on Adobe, Kelsey, Manning, Cole, and Middle creeks. We are asking people in the watersheds that feed these creeks to take voluntary actions to keep water flowing from February through May 2023. Without enough water flowing during this time, the hitch cannot successfully spawn and may go extinct.
Voluntary actions you can take to keep water flowing include the following:

• Reduce surface water diversions and groundwater pumping, especially from wells that are close to creeks.
• Coordinate the timing of diversions and pumping with neighbors, so that everyone does not pump at the same time, to reduce impacts on given days or times.
• Use non-water methods for frost protection.
• Fill storage reservoirs and water tanks as early in the year as possible before hitch are in the creeks.
• Operate reservoirs and ponds in ways that keep water in the creeks or maximize flows.

Other voluntary actions may require additional coordination with state and local agencies and obtaining permits, including pump-back projects, habitat restoration, streambed maintenance actions, and other activities. Please let us know what voluntary actions you will take to help the hitch by emailing ClearLakeHitch@waterboards.ca.gov.

What to do if you see hitch in a ditch
Recent storms have flooded parts of Clear Lake creeks, causing some hitch to be stranded in ditches and on private property. If you see stranded hitch, please note the location and email clearlakehitch@waterboards.ca.gov. We will connect you with a team authorized to rescue hitch and return them to the creeks.

Surface Water Measurement Regulations Workshop

State Water Resources Control Board (Board) staff held an in-person workshop in the Clear Lake Watershed on how to comply with the Board’s surface water measurement regulations on April 24th. The workshop included presentations from Board staff and provided opportunities for questions and discussion. A PDF copy of the presentation can be found by clicking here

Board Information Item

The Board held an Information Item on the Clear Lake Hitch Emergency at its Mar. 7, 2023, public meeting.

• Recording (beginning around 4:31:00)
• Presentations

Voluntary Actions Letter

The Deputy Director of Water Rights sent a letter to Clear Lake area water users on Feb. 15, 2023, asking them to take voluntary steps to help keep water in key Clear Lake creeks this spring for hitch spawning and rearing.

Listening Sessions

Board staff held two virtual public listening sessions on Jan. 19 and Feb. 1, 2023, to discuss the emergency impacting the Clear Lake hitch and potential near and long-term solutions.

• Jan. 19, 2023 Presentation and Recording
• Feb. 1, 2023 Presentation and Recording
• Public Notice REVISED

If you suspect an activity in your area may be threatening the Clear Lake water supply, there are many ways to report it. Suspicious activities can include dumping potentially hazardous chemicals in or near the water, making changes to creek channels, taking water from a creek without a permit, and more. Here are some things you can do if you identify suspicious activity:

• If you witness poaching, polluting, or any fish and wildlife violation, please submit a confidential notice to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife's CALTIP program.
• If you witness an environmental problem of any kind, please submit a complaint to the California Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Complaint System.
• If you witness a release of potentially hazardous materials to the environment, please report it to the California Office of Emergency Services State (CalOES) Warning Center by calling 1-800-852-7550. The Warning Center operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
• You can also email any issue to the Board’s Clear Lake Hitch team at ClearLakeHitch@waterboards.ca.gov

The Board's primary enforcement goal in Clear Lake is to encourage compliance with California’s surface water rules and regulations. Board staff are actively investigating diversions in the watershed and focused on reviewing annual reports, verifying compliance with measurement and reporting requirements, and identifying reservoirs or diversions without a water right. Where necessary, the Board will take actions to bring diverters into compliance.

For more information about the Board’s water rights enforcement activities, visit the Clear Lake Hitch Project section of our Notice of Violation page

As hitch migrate through Clear Lake Creeks to reproduce each year, they may be blocked from reaching spawning habitat by physical barriers such as dams, culverts (tunnels that allow creeks to flow under roads), and overgrown vegetation. State, federal, and local government agencies are coordinating with Tribes and community groups to identify, prioritize, and address these barriers. The following map shows the location and status of some of these barriers. We will update this map periodically: Clear Lake Hitch Barriers.

The Clear Lake hitch, also known as “chi”, is a large minnow found only in Clear Lake and its tributary creeks. The hitch is culturally important to local Native American tribes and ecologically important to the Clear Lake ecosystem. Historically, hitch likely numbered in the millions and were so plentiful they served as a staple food source for the region’s Pomo tribes. Unfortunately, the hitch population has been declining for many years, and in 2014, California designated the hitch as a threatened species.

In 2023, Governor Newsome recognized the impacts of drought on the Clear Lake watershed and the importance of ensuring critical instream flows for the Clear Lake hitch in Emergency Order N-5-23 and directed the State Water Board and Department of Fish and Wildlife to "…evaluate the minimum instream flows and other actions needed to protect salmon, steelhead, the Clear Lake Hitch, and other native fishes in critical streams systems in these watersheds and work with water users, tribes, and other parties on voluntary measures to implement those actions. To the extent voluntary actions are not sufficient, the Water Board, in coordination with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, shall consider emergency regulations to establish minimum instream flows to mitigate the effects of the drought conditions…"

The Clear Lake hitch have a life cycle up to six-years. Each spring, adult hitch migrate up Clear Lake tributaries to spawn before returning to the lake. After about two weeks, juveniles hatch and make their way to the lake. Without enough water flowing during this time, the hitch cannot successfully spawn or return to the lake. Because the hitch have a relatively short life cycle, one or two bad spawning seasons can be potentially detrimental to the species.

The Clear Lake hitch are known by the region’s Indigenous People as "Chi." Traditionally, Chi spawning was a time of celebration when tribal members would gather to collect food for the year and visit. The Chi has been a staple food and cultural mainstay of the original Pomo inhabitants of the region since time immemorial. Tribal elders recall the hitch being plentiful enough to walk across in creeks, until expanding development and agriculture, declining water quality, gravel mining, invasive species, removal of cultural fire from the land, habitat loss, and drought took their toll. The decline of the Chi is the result of a legacy of environmental injustice and land dispossession in the Clear Lake watershed.

Big Valley Rancheria Tribal historic preservation officer Ron Montez, Sr. — shared this account of the importance of Chi and the impacts of their decline:

In the old days, people used to come over from nearby areas like Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino and the Sacramento Valley to camp out along the creeks, and there would be hundreds of Native people catching Chi. People would shout, “The Chi are running! Look at the fish over there! Chi! Chi!” and we would grab a bucket or a sack or even just our T-shirts. There were so many Chi. Everyone was excited because fish were jumping and flopping all over the place. I remember having so much fun — I would be soaking wet from diving after them, catching them, and throwing fish to the younger ones to put in the bucket — we were just laughing and having a great time. Once we got enough fish, it was time to quit. After that, we would take the fish back to the reservation, and then it was a community time where everybody would sit around and clean fish together. We would supply fish to the mothers and aunties and people cleaning them. I remember that everybody was happy because we knew we had fish — we knew we had some Chi — and it brought a good feeling that we had food now. Chi were still running back then — in the 1960s, 70s, even 80s — but it was getting less and less. You could still hear the call that “the Chi is running” and everybody still did the same thing and took off to gather them. Now … every once in a while somebody tells me, “Oh yeah, the Chi ran for a little bit over in this creek over here,” or “yeah, we got a few, but they are all gone now.” The abundance is gone. The excitement and that cultural aspect of it is gone. It is a sadness now that we feel whenever we talk about Chi because they are not like they used to be. That community relationship around them is not there anymore.

(This account originally appeared as part of a story in The Revelator, which is published by, but editorially independent from, the Center for Biological Diversity.)

Historically, Clear Lake hitch likely numbered in the millions, but the population has been declining for many years, and in 2014, California designated the hitch as a threatened species. Potential factors impacting the hitch:

• Insufficient flow volumes (Drought impacts, Surface diversions, Losing streams)
• Flow barriers (Culverts, Stream bed alterations, Dams)
• Habitat degradation (Mining, Land use changes, Levee development/flood control)
• Predation & competition with invasive species
• Pollution (Mercury, Harmful Algal Blooms)

While the hitch’s decline can be linked to a variety of factors, the most immediate threat to their survival is little to no water flowing in Clear Lake creeks this spring for hitch spawning and rearing.

Groundwater–Surface Water Connection: It’s possible that groundwater pumping in the Clear Lake area is impacting the amount of water flowing in Clear Lake creeks. Groundwater pumping in a watershed can substantially reduce the amount of surface water flowing through creeks, particularly when multiple users are pumping at the same time. The effects of groundwater pumping on creek flows could be instantaneous or could occur more slowly over days, months, or years.

• United States Geological Survey (USGS): Studying Threatened Fish Species in Clear Lake, CA
• USGS: Hydrologic and Aquatic Ecology Studies at Clear Lake, California
• University of California Davis Agriculture and Natural Resources: Clear Lake Hitch
• Center for Biological Diversity: Clear Lake Hitch
• Thompson et al., 1999. The native and introduced fishes of Clear Lake: a review of the past to assist with decisions of the future. California Fish and Game 99(1): 7-41.
• Big Valley Groundwater Sustainability Agency, 2022. Big Valley Groundwater Sustainability Plan (5-015)